ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation [TENS] in management of neuropathic pain in post-traumatic incomplete spinal cord injury patients
Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at from January 2017 to June 2017 at Paraplegic Center Hayatabad, Peshawar. Total 60 incomplete spinal cord injured patients with diagnosis of neuropathic pain were subjected to high frequency TENS of 80 HZ. One session was of 45 minutes while there were two sessions per day. TENS was applied for four days in a week and all patients were followed for eight week duration. Pain intensity was measured by using VAS [Visual analogue scale]
Results: Mean pain intensity on VAS at baseline was 6.45 which was decreased to 4.77 post intervention at day-1 while it was decreased to 3.48 at day-4 of week one. After application of TENS for 8 weeks, mean pain intensity was decreased to 2.80 +/- 1.74. During the consecutive sessions of the TENS application, the pain intensity decreases in a linear fashion and there were significant difference [p<0.05] between pre and post treatment sessions
Conclusions: TENS is useful and safe adjuvant in spinal cord injury patients for the management of neuropathic pain
ABSTRACT
Domestic or Interpersonal Violence [IPV] remains a major global problem often resulting in morbidity and mortality. The present study was conducted to determine the scope of deaths related to domestic violence in the Khyber Pakhunkhwa province, Pakistan. Data were collected on all reported female fatalities due to domestic violence for the years 2009-2011 from the records of the department of Forensic Medicine, Khyber Medical College Peshawar for analysis. A total of 305 deaths were reported, showing an increasing trend of 115 deaths for 2009-10 and 190 deaths for 2010-2011. The majority, 182 [59.7%] belonged to the rural areas and 123 [40.3%] to urban areas of the province. Victims were generally of the younger age groups [17% below age 16 and 42.3% between 17-32 years]. Homicide was the manner of death in 293 [96.1%] while the most common causative agent was firearm injury [235, 77.1%]. Head and neck injuries were most common [52.6%] followed by the chest and abdomen [31.6%] while multiple sites and extremities accounted for 15.8% of injuries. Young and adult females of KPK province of Pakistan are susceptible to homicidal deaths due to domestic violence, perpetrated through firearm injuries to the head and neck regions.
ABSTRACT
Calibration allows the user to relate instrumental measurements to the sample of interest. Multivariate calibration allows for the analysis of several measurements from several samples or specimens. The method contributes to the two steps procedure where step one involves the calibration of data and second step involves the prediction that are made or based on the calibration. In calibration, indirect measurements are made from samples where the amount of the analyte has been predetermined, usually by an independent assay or technique. These measurements, along with the predetermined analyte levels, comprise a group known as the calibration set. This set is used to develop a model that relates the amount of sample to the measurements by the instrument. In some cases, the construction of the model is simple due to a certain relationship, such as Beer's Law in the application of UV spectroscopy. Unlike spectroscopy, other cases can be much more complex, and it is in these cases where construction of the model is time-consuming step. Once the model is constructed, it can predict analyte levels based on measurements of new samples. It can be used to separate samples from interferences without the need of highly selective measurements for the analyte. Calibration techniques [used in the calibration step] differ in determining coefficient values for the preceding or similar equations